1. Real-time info. Transformer monitors, such as the Siemens’ transformer monitoring and diagnostic system, visible on the near end of this transformer to the left of the fire extinguisher, report valuable data, such as online dissolved gas-in-oil analysis, moisture, thermal parameters, bushing condition, and cooling performance, to identify problems and home in on causal relationships, including leaks. Courtesy: Siemens Energy Management Customer Services

Smaller, less-complex systems are available to monitor noncritical transformers. GE offers the Intellix GLA100, which continuously monitors hydrogen gassing only. Hydrogen is generated with low-intensity discharges such as partial discharges and very-low-level intermittent arcing. With this system installed, however, it is still important to conduct annual oil sampling and infrared testing to ensure no problems are being overlooked.

Transformer Testing and Upgrade Solutions

In general, transformer manufacturers recommend testing transformers every five years. Frankly, if there are no issues with gassing or degraded oil quality, there isn’t much reason to test transformers outside of occasional infrared testing, which can identify hotspots caused by loose electrical connections or inadequate shielding. But if a transformer is taken down for service, some things that can be checked include the transformers’ insulation resistance, power factor, and sweep frequency response analysis. Baseline data can be useful for trending purposes. Engstrom said that many plants also perform a turns-ratio test, but he considers it virtually meaningless because the transformer won’t operate with shorted turns.

Some type of system event causes most problems identified through testing. A generator surge, a lightning strike, or a bushing failure can all trigger transformer problems, but even more obscure things, like harmonics, can result in damage. Engstrom said low-voltage testing can identify problems caused by these types of events, but there are cases in which high-voltage testing, such as induced testing, may be required to determine if a transformer’s insulation system has been compromised either from damage or from contamination.

Portable, flatbed trailer-transported induced testing systems can be brought to transformer sites. These systems completely stress transformer insulation systems in a nondestructive manner to determine if any problems exist. As you can imagine, this is a costly test to perform, so most utilities only perform this test on large or critical transformers.

The installation of fiber-optic temperature sensors in the windings is not a new upgrade, yet Engstrom said that most transformers he sees coming in for repair do not have these systems. These sensors provide a more accurate measurement than winding temperature indicator systems that use top oil temperature and simulated winding hot spot temperatures. With more accurate sensors, cooling system devices, such as pumps and fans, can respond quicker to changing loads, which can protect transformers from damage.

Other Electrical Maintenance

Most comprehensive reliability programs schedule visual, mechanical, and electrical assessments based on OEM guidelines. Frank Donaldson, power distribution systems technical expert for Schneider Electric, suggested that several important tasks can only be performed during planned outages.

“Poor or inadequate maintenance leads to the majority of electric apparatus problems,” Donaldson said. “Developing a program creates opportunities to put eyes on key equipment and exercise isolations points, such as upstream circuit breakers, bolted pressure switches, and fused disconnects.”

Exercising these types of components as part of a plant’s routine maintenance program can increase reliability. Donaldson recalled one example in which a facility was forced to call for emergency assistance as a result of improper electrical maintenance. In that particular instance, a 2,000-amp feeder breaker tripped because of water damage (Figure 2). Although the switchgear was 3R-rated by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association—which means that the enclosures were constructed for either indoor or outdoor use and designed to provide a degree of protection against water ingress, among other things—corrosion had occurred due to poor maintenance practices, which had allowed rain to leak into the component.

2. Rusty streaks point to leaks. Heavy corrosion can be seen at the seam in the top of this enclosure. Water left its mark as it ran down into the panel. Courtesy: Schneider Electric

At the same facility, a downstream bolted pressure switch failed to open as designed because it hadn’t been serviced or operated since it was first installed more than 23 years earlier. In that instance, the contacts seized, causing the operating mechanism to fail. According to Donaldson, the lack of an effective maintenance program resulted in liquidated damages exceeding $1 million in that incident alone. He noted that the environment in which equipment operates is a major factor in determining how often maintenance should occur (Figure 3).

3. Water and electricity don’t mix. Corrosion is obvious near the door hinge on this enclosure with discoloration evident on the bars inside. Courtesy: Schneider Electric

Refurbishing Motors

As part of any good motor management program, machines should be refurbished at a qualified service center when required. There are a wide range of options available, from single-site “mom and pop” organizations to large, sophisticated repair and service center networks managed by OEMs. Large networks may have more advanced technology, special access to certain drawings, tighter quality control processes, and larger budgets for training and qualification. On the other hand, small shops can have cost advantages and some offer a more personal touch.

Ostafichuk said operators should compare offerings and choose the option that suits their service level requirements. The following factors are worth considering.

The Service Center. Does the shop have the equipment necessary to efficiently and effectively complete needed repairs? Evaluate the shop’s cleanliness and equipment condition—it is unlikely that repair personnel will treat a customer’s equipment better than they treat their own (Figure 4).

4. Tools of the trade. This electric motor is being disassembled for repair. It is important to evaluate a shop’s capability before trusting its staff with your rebuild. Courtesy: GE Industrial Solutions

The People. Does the company offer continuous training programs to keep employees abreast of best practices and developments within the industry? The shop’s safety and quality control records can help you assess performance. Low employee turnover can also be an indicator that the shop is doing something right.

The Processes. Are there tightly controlled methods to track work as it proceeds from initial inspection to final delivery? Electric motors can be similar to “black boxes”; once work is complete, it is not easy to see what was done on the inside. The best way to ensure that proper and accurate repair has been completed is to ensure that suitable documentation has been signed off by technicians who actually performed the tasks, with oversight from the technical staff or engineers responsible for the job (Figure 5).

5. Paper trail? This rotor was rebarred. As part of the process, the worker who completed the job was required to sign documentation indicating what was done. Courtesy: GE Industrial Solutions

The Proposal. Are you comparing apples to apples? Evaluating proposals from different organizations can be challenging. It is important to ensure that the service, parts, and processes being supplied are comparable. The specification provided must be strong enough that the customer can feel confident in receiving the desired level of service at the expected price without excessive change requests during the repair. It may not be possible to identify every potential problem during the proposal phase, but the repair team should be technically strong enough to recognize the majority of trouble. Large differences between proposals should raise a red flag.

The Parts. Where are repair parts sourced? There is a lot of variability in electrical repair components and materials. Qualification and verification of vendors, suppliers, and materials used is a critical factor to a successful repair project. Changing component properties from an OEM design and quality to something different can be an experiment that you may want to avoid.

Counterfeits

Tom Grace, brand protection manager at Eaton Electrical Sector–Americas, emphasized the importance of purchasing authentic parts. He said that easily more than half of the counterfeit products that he receives and tests have some sort of critical performance failure.

“Independent resellers, people outside of the typical manufacturers’ distribution channels, or people who deal in used or reconditioned equipment are typically the ones who find they are more exposed to counterfeit goods,” Grace said.

The problem is that fraudulent parts are not held to the same quality control standards. If a motor starter or circuit breaker is constructed using will-fit or knockoff parts that have inferior materials, the risk of failure increases substantially. A starter often controls a more sophisticated motor that is much more expensive than the starter itself, so a failure could cost significantly more than the cost avoided by purchasing a cheaper starter. The same could be said for a counterfeit circuit breaker that fails to trip.

“We have an electronic tool for verifying authenticity of molded-case breakers up to 400 amps,” Grace said. “We have nuclear qualifiers that use the tool quite extensively, so even though they source directly from Eaton, we find them authenticating every product that they receive.”

Although a lot of counterfeit parts originate in China, Grace said they could come from almost anywhere. He recalled a case in which an individual was using scavenged parts and pieces to fraudulently recondition circuit breakers in West Virginia. The person bought covers for the breakers that matched an upgraded model and installed them so the breakers looked like new. When the counterfeit breakers were discovered and tested, at least one failed catastrophically. (To see a 12-second video of the test online, visit: bit.ly/EatonBkrTest.)

It is in everyone’s best interest for the manufacturer to be notified whenever someone discovers equipment suspected of being counterfeit. Most manufacturers have the resources to investigate the fraud and put an end to the activity. In some cases, counterfeiting operations fund some sort of other illegal activities. Grace said organized crime, gangs, or even terrorists could profit from these schemes.

“We can’t fix it unless we hear about it,” Grace said.

Transformer Repairs

Thermal cycling of transformers due to loading and/or ambient changes will eventually cause physical changes to the insulation, gaskets, and other accessories. Some experts believe that periodic power factor measurement is the single most valuable indication of a transformer’s overall insulation health, including oil, paper, and bushings. The value and/or the rate of value change can indicate if something inside the transformer is malfunctioning that could lead to premature failure. The heads-up could mean the difference between a one- or two-day repair outage versus several weeks offline for replacement, if a spare is readily available. (Lead times for large power transformers are approximately one year.)

When a transformer requires repair, Engstrom suggested that managers consider upgrades based on current and potential needs. Some possible improvements include the following:

■ Increasing load capacity

■ Adding more cooling

■ Installing fiber optics

■ Replacing aging components, such as bushings, gauges, fans, and pumps

■ Improving short circuit strength

■ Installing monitoring devicesv

“We can’t fix it unless we hear about it,” Grace said.

Transformer Repairs

Thermal cycling of transformers due to loading and/or ambient changes will eventually cause physical changes to the insulation, gaskets, and other accessories. Some experts believe that periodic power factor measurement is the single most valuable indication of a transformer’s overall insulation health, including oil, paper, and bushings. The value and/or the rate of value change can indicate if something inside the transformer is malfunctioning that could lead to premature failure. The heads-up could mean the difference between a one- or two-day repair outage versus several weeks offline for replacement, if a spare is readily available. (Lead times for large power transformers are approximately one year.)

When a transformer requires repair, Engstrom suggested that managers consider upgrades based on current and potential needs. Some possible improvements include the following:

■ Increasing load capacity

■ Adding more cooling

■ Installing fiber optics

■ Replacing aging components, such as bushings, gauges, fans, and pumps

■ Improving short circuit strength

■ Installing monitoring devices

“We can’t fix it unless we hear about it,” Grace said.

Transformer Repairs

Thermal cycling of transformers due to loading and/or ambient changes will eventually cause physical changes to the insulation, gaskets, and other accessories. Some experts believe that periodic power factor measurement is the single most valuable indication of a transformer’s overall insulation health, including oil, paper, and bushings. The value and/or the rate of value change can indicate if something inside the transformer is malfunctioning that could lead to premature failure. The heads-up could mean the difference between a one- or two-day repair outage versus several weeks offline for replacement, if a spare is readily available. (Lead times for large power transformers are approximately one year.)

When a transformer requires repair, Engstrom suggested that managers consider upgrades based on current and potential needs. Some possible improvements include the following:

■ Increasing load capacity

■ Adding more cooling

■ Installing fiber optics

■ Replacing aging components, such as bushings, gauges, fans, and pumps

■ Improving short circuit strength

■ Installing monitoring devices

■ Reducing losses

6. Home away (but not too far away) from home. This 760-MVA, 345-kV Westinghouse shell-form transformer is being rewound at a customer’s site in Pennsylvania. A special building was erected for the job. Courtesy: GE Industrial Solutions

7. Up, up, and away! This image shows the shell being removed prior to workers moving the transformer inside the building. Courtesy: GE Industrial Solutions

According to Engstrom, GE has the capability to repair transformers from 5 MVA to 500 MVA and up to 525 kV at four facilities located across the U.S. and one in Canada. It can also perform rewinds up to 1,000 MVA at customer sites. The service includes building erection (Figure 6), rigging (Figure 7), disassembly, and performing all required Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) testing.

— Aaron Larson is a POWER associate editor.